Wednesday, December 31, 2025

Repairing a Nation Starts at Home: How Community, Care, and Stewardship Shape Our Future


Reflections from Jericho, Vermont, on rebuilding civic life through local action, environmental care, and everyday kindness. 



Repairing a Nation Starts at Home: How Community, Care, and Stewardship Shape Our Future

By Bernie Paquette

As we step into 2026, few argue that 2025 was an easy year. Across the nation, long-standing foundations were shaken, institutions fractured or abolished, and civility ruptured. The turbulence was real. But so is something closer to home: community.

Here in Jericho, we are more than residents of a country—we are neighbors. Friends. Families. People who, in countless quiet ways, still look out for one another. Even here, we faced challenges last year: disagreements and questions about resources, water, sewage, housing; in short, about our path forward. And yet, the most important question before us remains simple and urgent:

How do we take care of one another—and the world we share?

That care must include the living world around us. From insects that pollinate our food and recycle nutrients, to bears that wander our edges and help shape healthy ecosystems, we are part of something far larger than ourselves. Like the rest of the planet,  Jericho is strained by unsustainable growth and consumption - how can we change that model? First, we each must define what we care about. 

Which specific local issues do you care most about? 

Here are some on my radar.

Slower and Safer Streets: The disquieting impact of the removal of the Browns Trace speed humps, while we wait for effective alternatives that foster self-regulating driver behavior, resulting in slower, safer streets.

Challenging conventional landscaping practices: The sterile monoculture of lawns and the active removal of leaves are detrimental to the essential wildlife needed for a healthy ecosystem. 

Our unawareness of small non-human life that is often invisible to most of us when we fail to look closely, and appreciate the small creatures that are part of what sustains our world.

Large that we may be

In light, we may not see

those small in comparison

Yet large in their vital role

often invisible 

- their presence and benefit. 


What limited crops would we reap

without insect pollination and nutrient cycling?


Organic waste would bury mountains

without millions of tiny decomposers.


Food webs debased, natural pest control replaced

biodiversity fragmented


all from the loss of tiny six-legged creatures

whom we hardly know, living amongst us.                                                     

                                                   - Bernie Paquette


All organisms are equally marvelous and significant in contributing to the overall balance of the system. Diversity amongst people, as with all creatures, contributes to stability. - Practical Dreamer - Gerrit Smith and the Crusade for Social Reform, by Norman K. Dann. 


Our leverage is local. It lies in daily choices: how we treat one another, how we use resources, how we demonstrate that we care.


Care often appears in small, practical forms:

  • Reaching across generations so young people are not left isolated.
  • Repairing and sharing instead of discarding and replacing.
  • Slowing down outdoors and rediscovering wonder close to home. ”When you slow down and look closely, the world grows infinitely larger."
  • Planting native flowers, shrubs, and trees, stewarding what remains wild.
  • Questioning habits that harm ecosystems, from monoculture lawns to leaf removal.
  • Moving from a ‘relationship of privatisation and ownership’ to 'A relationship of care and partnership’ with a landscape (from yards to rivers) that maintains the overall health of all life, so that together we can meet challenges, recover, and thrive together.
  • Asking for help—and offering it freely.
  • Asking “What then is thy neighbor?” [They are] “a mass of states, of experiences, thoughts, and desires, just as real as thou art… This is for thee the turning-point of thy whole conduct toward him.” -Josiah Royce (American philosopher)
  • Ask others: “Help me understand your perspective.”
  • We can all ask ourselves, “Is the world a better place because we are in it?” 


Moments that matter. “Life is built on small moments between people. A conversation that shifts someone’s perspective. A kindness that arrives exactly when someone is about to give up. Showing up when it's inconvenient. Listening when you would rather talk.” - Source: see appendix: I'm 87... This One Question Changed How I See Everything*

Years ago, on a bitterly cold winter night while fighting an apartment fire in Winooski, my hands were so cold I was unable to remove my thick wool firefighter gloves. Yet what lingers with me is not the cold, but that unknown person in the warming bus who wordlessly took off the gloves and placed my hands in theirs to warm mine. That small, wordless act of human care has stayed with me for decades, a quiet reminder of how deeply we can affect one another in moments of need.

That is how communities are rebuilt—not through grand gestures, but through steady, ordinary kindness. We can lower our self-imposed barriers of opinions and emotions (such as fear and anger) by using our ability to love and care. We can see the stories we're telling ourselves and question their validity.

We can consider our beliefs and convictions as benchmarks (open for review), not walls. 

We can continue to be a values-driven community, caring for and accepting people for who they are — be willing to listen to understand and learn, even when our views and opinions differ. We can, together, find solutions to issues that threaten our values

What does caring get you? You receive warm emotions, witness happiness, feel love, gain a deeper understanding, and live in a world more beautiful.

In 2026, let’s commit to one simple promise: caring for Jericho—its people, its land, and its future. One small act at a time is how we build something better.

If repairing a nation begins anywhere, it starts right here—at home. 


Here are a couple of ideas for fun and getting togetherpart of the fabric that creates bonds, fosters compassion, a desire to share, and helps us relate, understand, and learn from each other.

Valentine Skate: Ice rink, hot chocolate, a campfire, and S’mores, along with a playlist to soundtrack the ice skating.

Gingerbread house bake-off: Display the entries at the library and auction them off in support of the library. 

Story Telling Event: Live storytelling by folks in our Community, emulating The Moth Story Telling competition: “An open-mic storytelling competition in which anyone can share a true, personal, 5-minute story on the night's theme. True stories, told live and without notes. Honoring the diversity and commonality of the human experience. A curated live event featuring storytellers who share true stories on an array of topics, creating an experience that is intimate, inspiring, captivating, theatrical, and enlightening.”

What are the means of repairing and healing a nation - whatever it is, begins close to home. What is your best way to build community? Let us know!

Wishing you all a New Year where the world becomes a better place because you are in it.

Laugh, Dream, Try, and Do Good

Bernie


Here are a few related quotes of insight and inspiration.

On January 7, 1992, then-Governor Dean ended his speech to the opening legislative session with a rare emotional appeal to his audience, one that I think reflects the Vermont way.

We are a state, which truly is a family, a family with a heritage of respect for one another, regardless of our differences. I ask you to remember and sustain these values as you deliberate. Respect for the land, respect for each other, caring, and love. With these values, we will prevail.

- Howard Dean: A Citizen’s Guide to the Man Who Would Be President by a team of reporters, out of which Darren Allen reported the quote from Dean shown above. 
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Values to drive actions: I like the Quaker testimonies of values fostering actions like nonviolence (Peace), honest living, being open to being wrong, (Integrity), focusing on essentials, avoiding materialism (Simplicity), supporting each other (Community), ensuring fairness, everyone has inherent worth (Equality), and caring for Earth (Stewardship), shaping views on justice, relationships, and daily choices to create a more loving world, not as rigid rules but as evolving spiritual compass points. 

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Gerrit Smith, the American abolitionist and philanthropist, 1797 - 1874, wrote, “I would have all men + women of whatever complexion or condition stand equal before the Laws.” 

In a letter to a member of the British Parliament, he wrote, 

“The doctrine that the conventional lies, which men have drawn upon the earth’s surface, decide the question for whom we may, + for whom we may not feel, is utterly repugnant…. To tell me, that I may not love [a foreigner]… is to tell me what my nature + the God of my nature flatly contradict.”  -Practical Dreamer - Gerrit Smith and the Crusade for Social Reform, by Norman K. Dann. 

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The biophilia effect states that humans have a genetic tendency to affiliate with other forms of life and are drawn to experiences in nature in order to increase their physical, mental, and emotional well-being.” - Be Well: How Hiking Can Improve Our Mental Health by Samara Anderson, Esq, North Ferrisburgh, Vermont.

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Book reference: The Places That Scare You. A Guide to Fearlessness in Difficult Times, by Pema Chodron. 

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A human being is a part of the whole called by us "the universe," a part limited in time and space. He experiences himself, his thoughts and feelings, as something separate from the rest—a kind of optical delusion of consciousness. This delusion is a kind of prison for us, restricting us to our personal desires and affection for a few persons nearest to us. Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening the circle of understanding and compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty. 
                                                                                                                 —Albert Einstein     

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“I want to make sure that you all understand that each and every one of you has a role to play. Your life matters, and you are here for a reason … every single day you live, you make a difference in the world, and you get to choose the difference that you make.”      
                                                                                                              - Jane Goodall (3/2025).
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As Chris Cleary put it, “coming together and showing love is what makes the world go round.”

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Monday, December 29, 2025

Proposed Changes to Vermont Wetland Rules

Executive order no. 6-25 Proposes Changes to Vermont Wetland Rules.


Wetlands Rulemaking
The Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) has started the formal rulemaking process to amend the Vermont Wetland Rules to conform with Executive Order 06-25 “Promoting Housing Construction and Rehabilitation”. The current Vermont Wetland Rules are still in effect for residential housing projects until the revised Rule is adopted.

Please read the Governor's Executive Order, which aims to cut in half the minimum protective buffer around mapped wetlands, and provide NO protection for unmapped wetlands.

Provide comments by January 14th, 2026.  Send comments to WetlandsRulemakingComment@vermont.gov

The Wetland Rule Changes Review is primarily focused on Statutory intent.
The most effective comments include:
  • Impacts and science.
  • Issues in implementing the rules.
  • State what the changes mean in the area of the person writing the comment.
 
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Impacts of building in wetlands (as the proposal intends to allow):
Ecologically: Increased flooding from fill, loss of flood storage capacity, loss of wildlife habitat,  increased erosion, decreased water quality from stormwater and sediment. See more details further below.

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1. Class II Wetlands
  • Under the proposed wetland rule amendments, *state wetland permits would only be required for Class II wetlands that appear on the current Vermont Significant Wetlands Inventory (VSWI) maps.

Unmapped wetlands that function as Class II wetlands would not trigger state wetland permitting requirements for housing in designated growth areas such as downtowns, village centers, growth centers, Tier 1A/B zones, or areas eligible for interim Act 250 exemptions. In those areas, housing could proceed without a state wetland permit even if the land functions as a wetland but is not on the map. Seven Days+1

  • The Vermont Agency of Natural Resources (Wetlands Program) does not have a timeline to map all wetlands in VT.  The Program does not have the capacity and works on mapping when time allows.  The maps are updated annually at a minimum.
  • The precise location of actual wetland edges can only be determined by field delineation.  Some wetland types are hard to detect with aerial imagery, like forested seeps.  Aerial image-created maps are great for detecting wetland locations in general over a large landscape. 
  • Pending mapping is both aerial and field delineation.  [The State] had contractors update the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) for the whole state using the USFWS aerial interpretation methodology, and this mapping will be adopted into the Vermont Significant Wetlands Inventory (VSWI).  The field delineations are primarily from delineations created for a property with a project that received a wetlands permit.  We have over 100 of those to add, and those will have less coverage than the NWI work. 
  • If we have a confirmed on-the-ground delineation, we add them to the map when we have the capacity.  The aerial mapping was a state-wide project that is wrapping up.  Most map edits after this year will likely be from delineations. 

Four bullets from communication with Laura Lapierre, PWS NHCWS | Wetlands Program Manager Vermont Agency of Natural Resources | Department of Environmental Conservation Watershed Management Division, Wetlands Program 


[Unampped] Implication: This means that inside the specified designated areas, housing could be built on land that is ecologically a Class II wetland but unmapped without a state wetland permit. Federal wetland regulations (under Clean Water Act jurisdiction) may still apply; however,  state rules would no longer require permitting for those unmapped Class II wetlands in these areasSeven Days

  • Additionally, even for mapped Class II wetlands, the proposed changes would reduce the buffer zone from the statutory 50 feet to 25 feet in designated areas, meaning development could be closer to the edge of these wetlands than under current rules. Compass Vermont

2. Class III Wetlands

  • Class III wetlands are currently not classified as “significant wetlands” under Vermont law. They are not subject to the same permitting requirements as Class II or Class I under the existing and proposed rules. That means that housing could generally be permitted in Class III wetlands under state rules (absent specific local or federal wetland protections). Vermont Legislature

    However, the key driver of regulatory review for the proposed rules is whether land is a mapped significant wetland (Class I or Class II on the VSWI), and the streamlining applies primarily to unmapped wetlands that, by function, are Class II. 


Overall Summary:

  • In designated growth areas, housing could be constructed on land that functions as a Class II wetland if it is not currently mapped on the VSWI, meaning the state would not require a wetland permit for those unmapped Class II features. Seven Days

  • Mapped Class II wetlands remain regulated, but buffer protections are reduced in designated areas.Compass Vermont

  • Class III wetlands are not treated as significant wetlands and typically would not trigger state wetland permitting requirements. Vermont Legislature

    • Housing cannot be built in Class I wetlands under the proposed state rule changes.

Federal Clean Water Act requirements (Army Corps of Engineers) may still apply to wetlands regardless of state permitting changes, so builders would need to consider those requirements independently of state wetland rules. Compass Vermont

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Local Wetland and Water Resource Considerations in Jericho Center

According to the Jericho municipal planning documents, wetlands within the town — including those around centers like Jericho Center — perform important ecological functions such as:

  • Stormwater management and flood control

  • Groundwater recharge (important given reliance on private wells)

  • Habitat for amphibians and other species, including vernal pools

These local plans also note that many wetland areas in Jericho remain unmapped and may only be identified with on-the-ground delineation. Vermont Outside

Implication:
Under the proposed rules, unmapped wetlands that would normally trigger state review today could escape state permitting in designated growth areas. This raises concerns about loss of local wetland functions that are not yet documented on statewide maps, especially in a town with a significant amount of uncharted wetland area. 

Unmapped wetlands (Pending VSWI) in Jericho Center. Under the new rules, the hashed mark areas (unmapped wetlands) would not need state permits for development reasons. 


Modification areas highlighted in blue. Vermont Significant Wetland Inventory (VSWI) in solid green. Pending VSWI in hashmark green. Click on the State Interactive Map link for a larger view

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Impacts to Jericho Center and Alignment with Vermont Law

Vermont’s Wetland Rules were adopted pursuant to legislative findings in 10 V.S.A. §§ 902 and 914, which recognize wetlands as essential to flood protection, water quality, wildlife habitat, and the public welfare. The proposed changes to the Wetland Rules undermine these findings and weaken science-based safeguards that are especially critical for village centers such as Jericho Center.

Flood Resilience and Public Safety

Jericho Center sits within a watershed where small, headwater, and seasonally inundated wetlands play an outsized role in slowing runoff and storing floodwaters. Scientific consensus—and Vermont law—recognize wetlands as natural infrastructure that reduce peak flood flows. Reducing wetland protections or buffers increases downstream flood risk to homes, roads, culverts, and historic village infrastructure. These costs are ultimately borne by municipalities and taxpayers, not project applicants.

Water Quality and Downstream Impacts

Wetlands in and around Jericho Center filter sediments, nutrients, and pollutants before they enter Browns River and downstream waters. Vermont’s phosphorus reduction obligations and clean water investments depend on maintaining these natural filtration systems. Allowing incremental wetland loss or disturbance directly contradicts the Legislature’s intent to protect surface waters for public use and ecological integrity.

Climate Change and Cumulative Effects

The proposed rule changes fail to account for climate-driven increases in extreme precipitation. Wetlands provide drought buffering, groundwater recharge, and carbon storage in organic soils. While individual wetland impacts may appear minor, cumulative losses across a watershed measurably reduce resilience. Vermont law explicitly directs consideration of cumulative impacts; weakening rules moves policy in the opposite direction.

Biodiversity and Community Character

Wetlands support amphibians, birds, pollinators, and plant communities that define the ecological and scenic character of Jericho Center. These public trust values—wildlife habitat, recreation, and sense of place—are explicitly recognized in statute and are not replaceable through mitigation alone.

Housing and Siting Considerations

Framing wetlands as barriers to housing misstates the problem. Development in or near wetlands increases long-term risk to residents, raises insurance and infrastructure costs, and exposes communities to repeated flood damage. Sound land-use planning directs growth to areas already served by infrastructure and away from flood-prone landscapes. Wetland protections support, rather than hinder, sustainable housing outcomes.

Implementation Concerns

Proposed reclassification, reduced buffers, and increased reliance on incomplete mapping will create uncertainty for landowners and municipalities. Jericho, like many towns, lacks the staff capacity to independently evaluate wetland function on a project-by-project basis. Clear, protective statewide standards are more efficient, equitable, and defensible.

Conclusion

Vermont’s Wetland Rules reflect decades of scientific understanding and clear legislative intent. Weakening them shifts long-term costs and risks onto communities like Jericho Center, while eroding flood protection, water quality, and public trust resources. I urge decision-makers to retain strong, science-based wetland protections consistent with Vermont law and the realities of a changing climate.


Q.&A. Could you please explain to me how an area in Jericho Center is both a VSWI wetlands and pending VSWI?

The Jericho Center has new NWI mapping completed that has not yet been added to the VSWI, so it is pending and shown as hatched in the map.  The NWI mapping adds and subtracts mapping.  In the edit to the VSWI, we will be removing all areas that were aerial interpreted as wetland and not on the new NWI, but retaining all delineated wetland mapping regardless of if it was picked up by the new NWI.  

Until the VSWI is updated, the solid blue is what would be the “mapped wetland” in the proposed Rule.  I’m not sure of the timing of if Jericho will be updated before the Rule is changed.  So under the proposal, any wetland in the Jericho center that is not shown in the current VSWI map will not be regulated by the state as a wetland for housing projects. - Laura Lapierre, PWS NHCWS | Wetlands Program Manager


Q.&A. Hello Laura, does section 5 (listed below) get triggered on unmapped wetlands? If so, by what means or mechanism? 

For example, there are unmapped wetlands in Jericho Center which presumably protect surface and ground water, including: Recharges a drinking water source, such as a well head or source protection area. Again, I am trying to understand if this changes under the new proposed rules. 

SECTION 5: FUNCTIONAL CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING A WETLAND'S SIGNIFICANCEIn evaluating whether any wetland is a Class II or a Class I wetland, the Secretary shall evaluate the functions that the wetland serves both as a discrete wetland and in conjunction with other wetlands by considering the following functional criteria. Consideration shall be given to the number of and/or extent to which protected functions and values are provided by a wetland or wetland complex.

No VT wetland permit would be required according to the proposed rule for a residential housing project proposed in the Jericho Center, and there are impacts to an unmapped wetland, meaning there would be no review of the functions of the wetland under section 5 of the Rule.  If there were a non-residential project in the same area of Jericho Center and impacts were proposed for the unmapped wetland, the project would need to receive a permit, and Section 5 would be evaluated as part of permitting. -  Laura Lapierre, PWS NHCWS | Wetlands Program Manager


Impacts and science.

Issues in implementing the rules.

I. Impacts and Scientific Basis of the Proposed Wetland Rule Changes

A. Regulatory Changes and Proposed Impacts

The Executive Order and proposed rule amendments would alter key components of Vermont’s wetland regulatory system as follows:

1. Limiting State Permitting to Mapped Wetlands

  • The proposal would require state wetland permitting only for wetlands currently shown on the Vermont Significant Wetlands Inventory (VSWI).

  • Unmapped wetlands that currently function as Class II wetlands would no longer trigger state wetland permits in designated growth areas.

  • This differs from existing rule language, where wetlands with specific ecological functions (e.g., vernal pools, headwater wetlands) are treated as regulated Class II wetlands regardless of mapping statusCompass Vermont+1

2. Reduced Buffer Zones

  • The rules would reduce the standard Class II wetland buffer from at least 50 feet to 25 feet in designated growth areas, increasing permissible development closer to wetland edges. Vermont General Assembly

3. Elimination of State Mitigation Requirements

  • Within designated areas, the Executive Order would remove the requirement for state-level mitigation when certain wetland impacts occur (especially unmapped wetlands), which diverges from current mitigation and net gain statutory goals. Compass Vermont

B. Scientific Basis: Wetlands’ Functions and Ecological Importance

1. Hydrologic Regulation and Flood Mitigation

  • Wetlands store and slowly release stormwater, reducing peak flows that cause flooding. Scientific research consistently shows that loss of wetlands increases downstream flood risk.

  • Vermont’s recent flood events (e.g., July 2023 and July 2024) illustrate the costs of reduced landscape water storage; loss of wetlands exacerbates high-water impacts. Compass Vermont

2. Water Quality Protection

  • Wetlands act as natural filters for nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and sediments before they reach streams, lakes, and groundwater. Removal or disturbance of wetland soils can increase nutrient loads and degrade water bodies.

3. Habitat and Biodiversity

  • Wetlands support high ecological diversity and provide critical habitat for amphibians, waterfowl, and rare species. Many ecological functions depend on soil saturation, plant communities, and hydrology that cannot be replicated once filled.

4. Carbon Storage

  • Wetland soils are significant carbon sinks; loss of peatlands or other wet soils can release stored carbon, undermining climate-mitigation benefits.

5. Mapping Limitations

  • The VSWI maps were developed decades ago and are incomplete; modern remote sensing and ground truthing consistently reveal additional wetlands. Relying solely on legacy mapped wetlands ignores substantial functional wetland area. Vermont Business Magazine


II. Issues in Implementing the Proposed Rule Changes

A. Legal and Statutory Challenges

1. Conflict With Current Statutory Mandates

  • Vermont law (10 V.S.A. § 901) sets policy for wetland protection, including achieving a net gain of wetlands acreage and managing wetlands guided by science and for public benefit. Vermont General Assembly

  • Statutes also require annual updates to the VSWI and recognize unmapped wetlands as significant based on ecological function. Vermont General Assembly

  • The Executive Order contradicts statutory language that protects wetlands based on their ecological functions, not solely their mapping status. Vermont Natural Resources Council

2. Separation of Powers Concerns

  • Implementing weaker protections via executive order rather than legislation violates the separation of powers, bypassing the legislative role in setting environmental policy. Seven Days

3. Statutory “Net Gain” Policy

  • Vermont law (§ 918) directs rule amendments to prioritize wetland protection and provide net gain through restoration; allowing impacts without mitigation runs directly counter to this requirement. Justia

    Vermont has lost nearly 50% of its historic wetland area, with regulated wetlands continuing to disappear at a rate of approximately 20 acres annually since 1995. - CompassVermont


B. Practical Implementation Challenges

1. Wetland Mapping Limitations

  • Because VSWI mapping is known to be incomplete and dynamic, relying on maps as the primary regulatory trigger could leave many ecological wetlands unregulated until maps are updated, creating inconsistency and uncertainty.

2. Enforcement and Administration

  • Reducing buffers and eliminating state review for unmapped wetlands could increase administrative complexity: professionals and regulators may need to verify whether a wetland is mapped before applying protections, requiring regular cross-referencing of updated maps.

3. Interplay With Federal Requirements

  • Even if state permitting is reduced, federal Clean Water Act (Section 404) and Army Corps regulations still apply to wetlands. Developers may still need costly federal permits, creating a multi-layered permitting environment rather than a streamlined one. Compass Vermont

4. Local Government Difficulties

  • Municipalities enforcing local bylaws may face confusion when state and local regulations diverge. A project permissible under state wetland rules could still violate local conservation standards or water quality bylaws.

5. Scientific Uncertainty

  • Scientific consensus emphasizes the cumulative landscape function of wetlands. Reducing protections in urban growth areas could incrementally reduce water storage capacity and habitat connectivity, with impacts that are difficult to monitor or reverse.

6. Legal Uncertainty

  • Because of potential constitutional and statutory challenges, developers and towns may face uncertainty about whether approvals granted under amended rules will withstand later legal or legislative changes. Compass Vermont


Summary

Potential Environmental Impacts

  • Increased risk of flood peaks and water quality degradation due to reduced wetland protections and reduced buffers.

  • Loss of habitat and ecological functions, especially for wetlands not captured on outdated maps.

  • Possible divergence from state “net gain” policy goals.

Implementation and Legal Issues

  • Conflict with statutory requirements to protect all significant wetlands and to pursue net gain.

  • Practical difficulties in enforcement and mapping-based regulation.

  • Complex interaction with federal wetlands law and local land use regulations.

  • Legal uncertainty from separation of powers and statutory conflict claims.

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Testimony in Opposition to Executive Order No. 6-25

Proposed Changes to the Vermont Wetland Rules

Executive Order No. 6-25 undermines Vermont’s longstanding, science-based approach to wetland protection, circumvents the Legislature’s role in environmental policymaking, and risks significant and irreversible harm to wetlands that are essential to Vermont’s ecological health, climate resilience, and community well-being.

1. Wetlands Are Critical Public Infrastructure

Vermont’s wetlands are not expendable regulatory obstacles; they are vital natural infrastructure that provide irreplaceable public benefits, including:

  • Flood attenuation and stormwater storage, reducing damage to downstream communities
  • Water quality protection by filtering nutrients, sediments, and pollutants
  • Groundwater recharge and drought resilience
  • Habitat for pollinators, wildlife, and rare or threatened species
  • Climate mitigation through carbon sequestration

Weakening wetland protections at a time when Vermont is experiencing more frequent flooding, extreme precipitation, and water quality challenges is inconsistent with both scientific evidence and recent lived experience.

2. Executive Order No. 6-25 Bypasses the Legislative and Public Process

The Vermont Wetland Rules were developed through a transparent, deliberative process that included scientific review, public input, and legislative oversight. Executive Order No. 6-25 attempts to rewrite core elements of those rules through executive action rather than statute or formal rulemaking initiated by the Agency of Natural Resources.

This approach:

  • Erodes legislative authority over environmental policy
  • Limits meaningful public participation
  • Sets a troubling precedent for weakening environmental protections without adequate review

Policy changes of this magnitude should be debated openly by the Legislature, informed by expert testimony, and subject to full public scrutiny—not advanced through an executive order.

3. The Proposed Changes Increase Risk, Not Certainty

Proponents argue that the executive order will provide regulatory clarity or flexibility. In practice, weakening wetland protections creates greater long-term uncertainty by:

  • Increasing flood risk and infrastructure damage costs borne by municipalities and taxpayers
  • Creating an inconsistent application of protections across landscapes
  • Shifting environmental and financial burdens onto downstream communities

Short-term development gains do not outweigh the long-term economic and ecological costs of wetland loss. Jericho has experienced the long term effects and cost from altering water flow (one example being the building up of Bolger Hill, which altered the surface and subsurface hydraulics. 

4. Vermont Has Already Chosen a “No Net Loss” and “Net Gain” Path

Vermont has made deliberate policy choices to move toward no net loss and, where possible, net gain of wetlands. Executive Order No. 6-25 conflicts with this direction by facilitating increased wetland impacts without equivalent safeguards to ensure functional replacement.

Mitigation cannot reliably replicate the complex hydrology and ecological functions of intact wetlands, particularly at the local scale where flood protection and water quality benefits are realized.

5. Housing and Economic Goals Do Not Require Weakening Wetland Protections

Vermont can and must address housing needs without sacrificing core environmental protections. The framing of wetlands as barriers to housing is a false choice. Sustainable development strategies—such as redevelopment, infill, and smart growth—already provide pathways to increase housing while protecting natural resources.

Eroding wetland rules risks locking Vermont into higher future costs from flood recovery, water treatment, and habitat loss, ultimately undermining economic stability rather than supporting it.

6. Climate Change Demands Stronger, Not Weaker, Wetland Protections

As climate impacts intensify, wetlands are among Vermont’s most effective and cost-efficient climate adaptation tools. Rolling back protections now moves Vermont in the wrong direction at precisely the moment when resilience should be strengthened.

Executive Order No. 6-25 fails to account for the cumulative impacts of wetland loss under changing climate conditions and contradicts Vermont’s broader climate and resilience goals.

Conclusion

For these reasons, I urge decision-makers to reject Executive Order No. 6-25 and to reaffirm Vermont’s commitment to strong, science-based wetland protections developed through transparent, democratic processes.

Vermont’s wetlands protect our communities, our water, and our future. They should not be weakened by executive action.


Open questions: 

  • How do the proposed rule changes create a consistent application of protections across landscapes when some parts of the state have more wetland functions mapped than in other areas of the state?
  • What mitigation process or equivalent safeguards will be put in place (as part of the proposed changes) to ensure functional replacement of wetland loss from housing built on unmapped wetlands?.


History of the current Vermont Wetland Regulations.

The statutory intent of Vermont's current wetland regulations is to protect significant wetlands and their functions (like flood control, water quality, biodiversity), aiming for no net loss and even a net gain in wetland acreage, guided by science and climate resilience, by classifying them (Class I, II, III) and requiring permits for activities in significant ones and their buffers, with recent updates focusing on better mapping and streamlining for certain housing projects while enhancing flood protection. 

Key Goals & Principles:
  • Protect & Preserve: Identify, protect, and restore wetlands and their critical values (flood control, water quality, wildlife habitat).
  • No Net Loss/Net Gain: Achieve no net loss of wetland functions, with a goal for a net gain in acreage.
  • Science-Based: Decisions and management are guided by scientific understanding, especially considering climate change impacts.

Classification System: Wetlands are categorized (Class I, II, III) based on their significance, with Class I and II receiving stricter protection.

Buffer Zones: Protection extends to buffers surrounding wetlands to maintain their integrity. 
  • Recent Focus (2023 Amendments & Climate Action):
  • Improved Mapping: Enhance the Vermont Significant Wetlands Inventory (VSWI) for better identification and protection.
  • Climate Resilience: Recognize wetlands as sponges for floods and filters for pollutants, crucial for climate adaptation.
  • Strategic Adjustments: Recent rules (like 2023) clarify authority and streamline permitting for some development in growth areas (e.g., unmapped Class II wetlands, buffer reduction for housing), balancing protection with development needs. 
  • In essence, Vermont wants to manage its wetlands as vital natural infrastructure for flood resilience, clean water, and biodiversity, using updated science and mapping to balance protection with development goals, particularly in light of a changing climate, notes the Vermont Natural Resources Council and the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation (.gov). 

Title 10: Conservation and Development
Chapter 37: Wetlands Protection and Water Resources Management https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/fullchapter/10/037

Vermont wetland rule amendments 2023 (VT Wetland Rules came out in c.1982 - Vermont wetland rule amendments 2023).


Further references:
Legislative Action: Possible 2026 Session

The Vermont Legislature could intervene by passing clarifying legislation that either explicitly authorizes the changes or explicitly prohibits them. Given that Act 181 was a carefully negotiated compromise, legislative action could either resolve the dispute or intensify it, depending on which direction lawmakers take. - CompassVermont



"Balancing Housing with Protecting Water Resources Requires Smart Approach" - ecoRI News (Highlights the necessity of thoughtful planning).

"We must avoid the impulse to live only for today, plundering for, for our own ease and convenience, the precious resources of tomorrow." - Lyndon B. Johnson